Active Protection System. A defensive system that detects and intercepts anti-tank threats.

A Battle Management System (BMS) is a command‑and‑control software suite that gathers, processes, and shares battlefield data to provide situational awareness and coordinate the actions of military units.

A vehicle subsystem that detects, contains, and extinguishes internal fires to protect crew and critical components.

A navigation system combining Global Positioning System (GPS) for absolute positioning and Inertial Navigation System (INS) for dead reckoning, providing continuous and accurate location and orientation data.

Protection systems in IFVs designed to mitigate damage from landmines and improvised explosive devices, including armored hulls, blast-resistant seats, and counter-IED electronics.

Slat or cage armour is an external protective grid designed to detonate incoming anti-tank projectiles before they strike the main vehicle armour.

Smoke grenades are pyrotechnic devices deployed by infantry fighting vehicles to create a visual screen, obscuring movement or positions from enemy observation or targeting.

A spall liner is an interior armor layer in armored vehicles, such as IFVs, designed to catch or reduce high‑velocity fragments (spall) generated when the vehicle's outer armor is penetrated.