LATEST Ancient Prototypes of Proxy Warfare: The Economic and Logistical Burden of Roman and Persian Proxy Networks among Arab Tribes and Caucasian Powers
SEARCH
DB ONLINE
EN ▾
Home› Countries› Finland
REC // PROFILE
// NATIONAL DEFENSE PROFILE
Finland flag

Finland

NATO MEMBER

Country in Northern Europe

POPULATION
5.5M
ACTIVE PERSONNEL
24K
BUDGET
$6B
NUCLEAR WARHEADS
0
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
0
MACSI
52
Finland flag

Finland

Multi-dimensional military power index · 0–100
Land Power
55
Air Power
50
Naval Power
32
Leadership
70
Strategic
35
Industry
45
C4ISR
65
Logistics
55
Economy
42
Geo-Strategic
78
MACSI(Military Archive Country Strength Index)
52
Finland MACSI Rating
10/190
WORLD RANKING
Finland · 10 axes scored
Land Power
55
Air Power
50
Naval Power
32
Leadership
70
Strategic
35
Industry
45
C4ISR
65
Logistics
55
Economy
42
Geo-Strategic
78
ⓘ The ten scoring axes are weighted per country by coastal, nuclear, industrial, and geostrategic tier, then judged from real-world knowledge rather than stored database attributes — see methodology.
01 / Overview
Finland
Government
Parliamentary
Population
5.55M
Area
338,424 km²
GDP (Nominal)
$290.0B
Active Personnel
24.0K
Reserve Personnel
900.0K
Defense Budget
$5.5B · %2.1 GDP
Conscription
Universal
Alliance/Status
NATO
⚠ ONGOING CONFLICT
Operation Aspides
2024 · to present
ACTIVE
CONFLICT ONGOING
02 / Military Strength · 76 metrics · 9 categories
52
TIER D MACSI · ABSOLUTE POWER · #10 WORLD
Land Power
55
Air Power
50
Naval Power
32
Leadership
70
Strategic
35
Industry
45
C4ISR
65
Logistics
55
Economy
42
Geo-Strategic
78
MACSIMilitary Archive Country Strength Index
#CountryOverallLandAirNavalLeadershipStrategicIndustryC4ISRLogisticsEconomy
#8Israel57586535725565785530
#9India57786255526045454560
#10Finland52555032703545655542
#11Greece51556055603240505040
#12Turkey50625545582660555038
Comparison countries are selected automatically based on global rankings.
Personnel Structure
Total Population: 5.5M
Active24K
Reserve900K
Paramilitary0
Mobilization capacity: %16.66 of total population
Economic Burden
$5.5B 2.1% of GDP
0% 5%+
Per Capita $992/yr
Per Soldier $229,167/yr
Strategic Infrastructure
Military Airports 16
Total Airports 148
Major Ports 4
Coastline 1,250 km
Oil Production 10K bbl/day
All Military Metrics 76 metrics · 9 categories
01 Personnel 8
  • Active Personnel 24,000
  • Reserve Personnel 900,000
  • Paramilitary Personnel 0
  • Total Military Personnel 924,000
  • Available for Military Service 1,500,000
  • Reaching Military Age Annually 60,000
  • Conscription Status Universal
  • Conscription Duration (days) 180 day
02 Land Forces 12
03 Air Forces 12
  • Total Aircraft 160
  • Fighter Aircraft Count 60
  • Ground Attack Aircraft Count 10
  • Bomber Aircraft Count 0
  • Transport Aircraft Count 10
  • Tanker Aircraft Count 4
  • AWACS Count 2
  • Trainer Aircraft Count 70
  • Total Helicopters 50
  • Attack Helicopter Count 20
  • Transport Helicopter Count 30
  • UAV Count 10
04 Naval Forces 11
  • Total Ships 23
  • Aircraft Carrier Count 0
  • Amphibious Assault Ship Count 0
  • Cruiser Count 0
  • Destroyer Count 0
  • Frigate Count 4
  • Corvette Count 0
  • Total Submarines 2
  • SSN Count 0
  • SSBN Count 0
  • Patrol Boat Count 10
05 Strategic Forces 9
06 Budget & Economy 10
  • Defense Budget (USD) 5,500,000,000 USD
  • Defense Budget (% of GDP) 2.1 %
  • Defense Budget per Capita (USD) 992 USD
  • GDP (Nominal, USD) 290,000,000,000 USD
  • GDP (PPP, USD) 320,000,000,000 USD
  • Arms Exports (USD) 1,000,000,000 USD
  • Arms Imports (USD) 1,500,000,000 USD
  • Defense Industry Rank 25
  • Defense Industry Size (USD) 1,200,000,000 USD
  • Defense Sector Employment 15,000
07 Logistics & Infrastructure 6
  • Military Airport Count 16
  • Total Airport Count 148
  • Major Port Count 4
  • Oil Production (bbl/day) 10,000 bbl/day
  • Oil Reserves (bbl) 0 bbl
  • Coastline (km) 1,250 km
08 Demographics 5
  • Total Population 5,545,475
  • Military Age Population 1,500,000
  • Urban Population (%) 85 %
  • Literacy Rate (%) 99 %
  • Area (km²) 338,424 km²
09 Government & Alliances 3
03 / Inventory · 678 systems · 90 categories · 44,097 units
Force Composition
Not yet entered. This chart will populate automatically once inventory data is added.
Status & Age Distribution
Status
408
Active 408 Ordered 1 Retired 269
Age Profile
70years
average
%5
<10 yrs
Aging Fleet
1908–2023
Inventory 678 systems · 35 categories · 44,097 units
ARMOURED VEHICLES
ARTILLERY & MISSILE SYSTEMS
AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS
MINES & EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
FIREARMS
GRENADE LAUNCHERS & GRENADES
OPTICS & TARGETING
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
MILITARY VEHICLES
NON-LETHAL WEAPONS
FIGHTER & ATTACK AIRCRAFT
BOMBER AIRCRAFT
TRANSPORT & CARGO AIRCRAFT
HELICOPTERS
UAV / DRONES
SPECIAL MISSION AIRCRAFT
TRAINING AIRCRAFT
SURFACE COMBATANTS
SUBMARINES
AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE SHIPS
MINE WARFARE & PATROL
NAVAL WEAPON SYSTEMS
NUCLEAR BOMBS & WARHEADS
ATGM
ANTI-SHIP MISSILES
AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES
CRUISE MISSILES
BALLISTIC (CONVENTIONAL)
GUIDED BOMBS
UNGUIDED AERIAL MUNITIONS
NAVAL SAM
RADAR SYSTEMS
MILITARY COMMS
LAUNCH VEHICLES
RECENT ACQUISITIONS & MODERNIZATION NEED
LAST 5 ACQUISITIONS
SYSTEMS 20+ YEARS IN SERVICE
04 / Defense Sector · 20 companies · 90 systems produced · 83 deals
DEFENSE TRADE BALANCE annual estimate · from DB
Defense Industry Size
$1.2 Mr
annual output value
Sector Employment
15 K
total employees
↗ EXPORTS
$1.0 Mr
↘ IMPORTS
$1.5 Mr
⚖ NET BALANCE
$-500 M
NET IMPORTER
In exports 27
In imports 33
Export per Capita $180 per citizen
Import per Capita $270 per citizen
💡Nokia's annual revenue ($21.5B) exceeds Gabon's entire GDP ($20.0B).
📊Finland's total recorded company revenue ($28.8B) exceeds Iceland's entire GDP ($28.0B).
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE & SECTOR STARS
OWNERSHIP DISTRIBUTION
Fully State1
Public-Listed4
Private-Closed3
SECTOR STARS
LARGEST
◆ Nokia
$21.5B
WIDEST PORTFOLIO
🎯 Valmet
11 distinct systems
MOST EMPLOYEES
👥 Nokia
103K employees
SECTOR HERITAGE
OLDEST COMPANY
Fiskars
1649 (377 years old)
NEWEST COMPANY
Rauma Marine Constructions
2014 (12 years old)
Sector average age 117 years
SECTOR OVER THE YEARS
1
1640s
1
1830s
1
1840s
2
1860s
2
1890s
4
1920s
2
1930s
1
1940s
2
1990s
2
2010s
PRODUCTION PROFILE
90
Total Systems
40
Ongoing
50
Ended
59
Avg. MASS Score
DOMAIN DISTRIBUTION · Still Producing 40 · No Longer Produced 50
Land 55
Naval 30
Air 2
🎖 Highest MASS score: Sako 85 (91) Methodology →
ALL COMPANIES 20 companies · 15 active · 5 defunct
Sort:
Company Revenue Systems Score
Nokia NOK $21.5B 1 —
Wärtsilä WRTBF $5.2B 2 —
Fiskars FSKRS $1.4B 1 —
Patria $800M 7 —
Laivateollisuus DEFUNCT — 1 —
Marine Alutech — 1 —
Meyer Turku — 1 —
Pirkan ASE — 1 —
Porvoo — 1 —
Rauma Marine Constructions — 1 —
SAKO — 11 —
Sandvikens Skeppsdocka och Mekaniska Verkstad DEFUNCT — 1 —
Sisu Auto — 2 —
State Rifle Factory — 8 —
Suunto — 1 —
Tampella DEFUNCT — 6 —
Tikka DEFUNCT — 4 —
Valmet — 11 —
Valtion lentokonetehdas DEFUNCT — 6 —
W:m Crichton & C:o — 2 —
1 / 2
Production 90 systems · 16 categories
Show:
ARMOURED VEHICLES
ARTILLERY & MISSILE SYSTEMS
AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS
FIREARMS
GRENADE LAUNCHERS & GRENADES
SOLDIER SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT
FIGHTER & ATTACK AIRCRAFT
SPECIAL MISSION AIRCRAFT
SURFACE COMBATANTS
SUBMARINES
AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE SHIPS
MINE WARFARE & PATROL
NAVAL WEAPON SYSTEMS
UNGUIDED AERIAL MUNITIONS
RADAR SYSTEMS
MILITARY COMMS
RECENT DEFENSE DEALS13 export · 39 import · 8 domestic
DirectionYearCounterpartyProduct / ServiceQuantityAmountTypeStatus
↗2025GermanyPatria 6x6300—new-buildordered
↗2024SwedenSisu GTP——new-buildordered
↗2023SwedenSako M23—$82 Mexportconfirmed
⟳2023Sisu AutoSisu GTP13$10 Mnew-buildordered
⟳2023PatriaPatria 6x691—new-buildordered
⟳2022SAKOSako M23——domesticconfirmed
⟳2022Sisu AutoSisu GTP25—new-buildordered
↘2022United StatesLockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II64—new-buildordered
↗2021LatviaPatria 6x6200—new-buildDelivered
⟳2020Sisu AutoSisu GTP6—new-buildordered
↘2018→2019GermanyLAPV Enok15—new-buildDelivered
↗2008CroatiaPatria AMV42—new-buildDelivered
↗2007CroatiaPatria AMV84—new-buildDelivered
↘2006→2016ItalyKatanpää-class mine countermeasure vessel3$82 Mnew-buildDelivered
↘2006→2016ItalyEl-Kasseh-class mine countermeasure vessel3$245 Mnew-buildDelivered
↗2006EgyptTuima-class missile boat4—second-handDelivered
↗2003PolandKTO Rosomak690—license-productionDelivered
⟳2003→2009PatriaPatria AMV24—new-buildDelivered
↗2002→2019PolandPatria AMV690—license-productionDelivered
↘1990United KingdomMarksman anti-aircraft system7—new-buildDelivered
↘1958ItalyBeretta Model 38——second-handDelivered
↘1948United KingdomBYMS-class minesweeper5—second-handDelivered
↘1947United StatesM2 half-track car425—second-handDelivered
⟳1944→1945Domestic supplyKP m/44 submachine gun20,000—new-buildDelivered
↘1944Germany10.5 cm leFH 1853—aidDelivered
↘1943ItalyJ-class torpedo boat4—second-handDelivered
↘—→1942FokkerFokker C.X35—license-productionDelivered
↘1941GermanyIlyushin DB-310—second-handDelivered
↘1940SwitzerlandSolothurn S-18/10012—aidDelivered
↘1940Germany7.5 cm kanon PL vz. 3720—second-handDelivered
↗1940→1942CroatiaSuomi KP/-31500—new-buildDelivered
↗1940→1942BulgariaSuomi KP/-315,000—new-buildDelivered
↘1940FranceDe Bange 90 mm cannon100—giftDelivered
↘1940United States75 mm Gun M1917200—second-handDelivered
↘1940ItalyBeretta M19151,500—new-buildDelivered
↘1940GermanyČZ vz. 381,700—second-handDelivered
↘1940United StatesBrewster F2A Buffalo44—new-buildDelivered
↘1940FranceCaudron C.7146—new-buildDelivered
↘1938United KingdomVickers 6-Ton——new-buildDelivered
↗—→1938EstoniaSuomi KP/-31485—new-buildDelivered
↘1937United KingdomBristol Blenheim18—new-buildDelivered
↘1937—Fokker D.XXI7—new-buildDelivered
↘1936United KingdomVickers Model 193112—new-buildDelivered
↘1928United KingdomGamecock Mk. I3—new-buildDelivered
↘1920FranceCaudron G.312—new-buildDelivered
↘—FranceGround Master 40012—
↘—ItalyLerici-class minehunter3—new-buildDelivered
↘—DenmarkAjonpää-class minesweeper2—second-handDelivered
↘—GermanyIlyushin Il-44—second-handDelivered
↘—GermanyWz. 35 anti-tank rifle30—second-handDelivered
↘—United KingdomMauser 1918 T-Gewehr100—second-handDelivered
↘—RussiaPPD-40——capturedDelivered
↗—GermanySuomi KP/-313,042—new-buildordered
⟳—PatriaPatria AMV62—new-buildDelivered
↘—France75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09——second-hand
↘—France105 mm Cannon Model 1913 Schneider12—new-buildDelivered
↘—FokkerFokker C.X4—new-buildDelivered
↘—United KingdomBlackburn Ripon26—license-productionDelivered
↘—GermanyJunkers Ju 88A-424—new-buildDelivered
↘—United KingdomBristol Blenheim12—new-buildDelivered
1 / 6
ALL-TIME ARMS TRADE83transactions · inflation-adjusted
↗ EXPORTS
$87 M
19transactions
↘ IMPORTS
$521 M
56transactions
Σ TOTAL
$608 M
83transactions
CountryExport (→)Import (←)Total
Italy—$521 M$521 M
Sweden$87 M—$87 M
Sum of all defense deals in our database, adjusted to 2025 prices (CPI). Exports (→) are what this country sold, imports (←) what it bought. Covers only transactions recorded in our archive; the real historical total is higher.
MOST POPULAR PRODUCTSused by 143 countries
  1. #1
    Molotov cocktail
    Incendiary & Napalm Bombs
    129country
  2. #2
    Sako TRG
    Sniper Rifles
    36country
  3. #3
    M/39
    Bolt-Action Rifles
    36country
  4. #4
    M/28
    Bolt-Action Rifles
    36country
  1. #5
    Suomi KP/-31
    Machine Pistols
    24country
  2. #6
    Patria AMV
    Armoured Personnel Carriers (APC)
    18country
  3. #7
    Sisu XA-180
    Armoured Personnel Carriers (APC)
    13country
  4. #8
    Patria 6x6
    Armoured Personnel Carriers (APC)
    10country
05 / History & Conflicts · 11 armed events
Fire Line Most active: World War II
Pre-WWI / Industrial Age 1850–1913
—
World War I 1914–1918
8
Interwar Period 1919–1938
7
World War II 1939–1945
45
Early Cold War 1946–1962
—
Cold War 1963–1991
—
Post-Cold War 1992–2009
2
Modern Era 2010+
5
Alliance Network by past conflicts
Based on conflicts fought on the same or opposing side.
War Statistics Finland · 67 conflicts
67Conflicts
2Wins
2Losses
0Draws
0Ongoing
50% win rate
66 primary actor 1 supporter 1918–2025
Human Cost · Finland
229,377Military
0Civilian
0Displaced
Data as of 2026; figures may vary by source.

📜 Chronological Conflict List

60 conflicts · newest to oldest
Conflict Years Opponent Role Outcome
Operation Aspides Special Op. 2024–present (SPC) (SPC faction) Primary —
Operation Prosperity Guardian Special Op. 2023–2025 Intervention Primary —
2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan Proxy 2020–2021 Qatar negotiating team Primary —
Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017 Civil War 2014–2017 Intervention Primary —
Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan Special Op. 2014–present Intervention Primary —
Operation Enduring Freedom Special Op. 2001–2014 Intervention Primary —
United Nations Operation in Somalia II Special Op. 1993–1995 Intervention Primary —
Moonsund Landing Operation Special Op. 1944 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Operation Tanne Ost Special Op. 1944–present Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive Special Op. 1944 Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Battle of Olhava Interstate 1944–present Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Battle of Vyborg Bay Interstate 1944 Intervention Primary Tactical Loss
Battle of Nietjärvi Interstate 1944 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Ilomantsi Interstate 1944 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Tienhaara Interstate 1944–present Intervention Primary Tactical Win
Battle of Vuosalmi Interstate 1944 Intervention Primary Tactical Win
Battle of Rovaniemi Interstate 1944 Germany Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Tornio Interstate 1944 Germany Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Tali-Ihantala Interstate 1944 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Lapland War Interstate 1944–1945 Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Operation Orator Special Op. 1942–present {{ubl| | | &nbsp Primary Decisive Loss
Battle of Someri Special Op. 1942 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Suursaari Interstate 1942 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Continuation War Interstate 1941–1944 Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Operation Platinum Fox Special Op. 1941 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa Special Op. 1941 Intervention Primary Tactical Win
Operation Arctic Fox Special Op. 1941 Intervention Primary Draw
Summer War Interstate 1941–present Soviet Union Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Porlampi Interstate 1941–present Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Tuulos 1941–present Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Hanko Interstate 1941 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Kautla 1941–present Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Finnish invasion of East Karelia Interstate 1941–present Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Operation Barbarossa Intervention 1941 {{indented plainlist| }} Primary Tactical Win
Siege of Leningrad Interstate 1941–1944 Naval support: Baryshnikov 2003 Primary Decisive Win
Eastern Front Interstate 1941–1945 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Operation Silver Fox Special Op. 1941 Intervention Secondary Tactical Loss
Battle of Vyborg Bay Interstate 1940–present Intervention Primary Ceasefire
Battle of Raate Road Interstate 1940 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Honkaniemi Interstate 1940 Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Battle of Kuhmo Interstate 1940 Intervention Primary Draw
Baltic Sea campaigns Interstate 1939–present (1939) (from 1941) (from 1944) Primary Decisive Loss
Battle of Kelja Interstate 1939 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Petsamo Interstate 1939–1940 Intervention Primary Decisive Loss
Battle of Summa Interstate 1939–1940 Intervention Primary Tactical Loss
Battle of Suomussalmi Interstate 1939–1940 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Varolampi Pond Interstate 1939 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Tolvajärvi Interstate 1939–present Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Salla Interstate 1939–1940 Intervention Primary Tactical Win
Battle of Kollaa Interstate 1939–1940 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Taipale Interstate 1939 Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Winter War Interstate 1939–1940 Finnish Democratic Republic Primary Decisive Loss
Mäntsälä rebellion Insurgency 1932 Lapua Movement Primary —
East Karelian Uprising Insurgency 1921–1922 Russian SFSR Karelian Labor Commune Primary —
Battle of Paju Civil War 1919–present Intervention Primary —
Battle of Petrograd Civil War 1919 Intervention Primary —
Battle of Utria Civil War 1919 Soviet Russia Primary Decisive Win
Battle of Laagna Civil War 1919–present Intervention Primary Decisive Win
Aunus Expedition Civil War 1919 Intervention Primary —
Revolt of the Ingrian Finns Insurgency 1918–1920 Intervention Primary —
1 / 6
06 / Geostrategy · comparative
★
NATO
Member State

Finland is positioned within the global security architecture as a NATO member . Geo-Strategic MACSI score: 78.

A
VS
B
FinlandvsIsrael
01Personnel
Active Personnel
24,000+%608170,000 ▲
Reserve Personnel
▲ 900,000+%94465,000
Paramilitary Personnel
0—
Total Military Personnel
▲ 924,000+%46635,000
Available for Military Service
1,500,000—
Reaching Military Age Annually
60,000—
Conscription Duration (days)
180 day+%306730 day ▲
02Land Forces
Total Tanks
200+%7251,650 ▲
IFV Count
▲ 1,000+%150400
APC Count
1,800—
Recon Vehicle Count
150—
MRAP Count
100—
Towed Artillery Count
1,000—
Self-Propelled Artillery Count
400—
MLRS Count
100—
Mortar Count
1,000—
ATGM Launcher Count
2,000—
SHORAD Count
500—
MANPADS Count
1,000—
03Air Forces
Total Aircraft
160+%286617 ▲
Fighter Aircraft Count
60+%400300 ▲
Ground Attack Aircraft Count
10—
Bomber Aircraft Count
0—
Transport Aircraft Count
10—
Tanker Aircraft Count
4—
AWACS Count
2=2
Trainer Aircraft Count
70—
Total Helicopters
50+%200150 ▲
Attack Helicopter Count
20+%15050 ▲
Transport Helicopter Count
30=30
UAV Count
10×40.0400 ▲
04Naval Forces
Total Ships
23+%20971 ▲
Aircraft Carrier Count
0=0
Amphibious Assault Ship Count
0=0
Cruiser Count
0=0
Destroyer Count
0=0
Frigate Count
▲ 4+%1000
Corvette Count
0=0
Total Submarines
2+%2006 ▲
SSN Count
0+%1006 ▲
SSBN Count
0—
Patrol Boat Count
10—
05Strategic Forces
Nuclear Warhead Count
0—
Deployed Warhead Count
0—
ICBM Count
0—
SLBM Count
0—
IRBM Count
0—
06Budget & Economy
Defense Budget (USD)
5,500,000,000 USD+%34224,300,000,000 USD ▲
Defense Budget (% of GDP)
2.1 %+%1525.3 % ▲
Defense Budget per Capita (USD)
992 USD—
GDP (Nominal, USD)
290,000,000,000 USD+%81525,000,000,000 USD ▲
GDP (PPP, USD)
320,000,000,000 USD+%2441,100,000,000,000 USD ▲
Arms Exports (USD)
1,000,000,000 USD+%6507,500,000,000 USD ▲
Arms Imports (USD)
1,500,000,000 USD=1,500,000,000 USD
Defense Industry Rank
▲ 25+%10812
Defense Industry Size (USD)
1,200,000,000 USD—
Defense Sector Employment
15,000—
07Logistics & Infrastructure
Military Airport Count
▲ 16+%2205
Total Airport Count
▲ 148+%39330
Major Port Count
▲ 4+%333
Oil Production (bbl/day)
▲ 10,000 bbl/day+%1000 bbl/day
Oil Reserves (bbl)
0 bbl=0 bbl
Coastline (km)
▲ 1,250 km+%358273 km
08Demographics
Total Population
5,545,475+%759,700,000 ▲
Military Age Population
1,500,000—
Urban Population (%)
85 %+%892 % ▲
Literacy Rate (%)
▲ 99 %+%198 %
Area (km²)
▲ 338,424 km²×15.322,072 km²
📚 Sources
  1. Publicly available open sources and databases.