Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot: a type of kinetic energy penetrator ammunition.

Armour made from multiple materials, such as metals and ceramics, to increase effectiveness.

Computerised Advanced: a tank fire‑control system generation that uses digital computers to calculate ballistic solutions and integrate sensor data for enhanced targeting accuracy.

Type of internal combustion engine fuel, refined from crude oil.

A fully automatic tank transmission shifts gears without driver intervention, using hydraulic or electronic controls to select appropriate gear ratios based on engine speed and vehicle load.

High-Explosive Fragmentation: ammunition that explodes on impact, releasing fragments.

High-Explosive Anti-Tank: a type of projectile that uses a shaped charge to penetrate armor.

Hydropneumatic suspension employs hydraulic fluid and compressed gas in sealed chambers to provide variable damping and ride height, allowing tanks to adjust ground clearance and improve cross‑country mobility.

Optical device that uses laser pulses to measure the distance to a target with high precision.

A main battle tank is a heavily armored vehicle with a large caliber gun, used for front-line combat.

Nuclear, Biological, Chemical protection for tank crews.

Enhanced low-light visibility through specialized optics or sensors.

Handheld or vehicle-mounted devices that release dense smoke to obscure vision, conceal movements, or screen friendly forces from enemy observation.

A smoothbore gun is a firearm with an unrifled barrel, allowing projectiles to travel without spin; it is commonly used in modern tank main guns for firing fin‑stabilized ammunition.

Thermal sights are infrared imaging devices mounted on a tank's gunner station that detect heat emitted by objects, enabling target identification and aiming in low‑visibility conditions.