Automated loading system for tank guns, reducing crew workload.

High-Explosive Fragmentation: ammunition that explodes on impact, releasing fragments.

High-Explosive Anti-Tank: a type of projectile that uses a shaped charge to penetrate armor.

A tank with heavy armor and firepower, prioritizing protection over mobility.

A fire control system relying on optical sights and manual input for aiming and range estimation without computer assistance.

A refined product derived from crude oil, used as a fuel for internal combustion engines. A volatile, flammable liquid mixture of hydrocarbons.

A rifled gun has spiral grooves cut into its barrel.

A semi‑automatic transmission in a tank automatically shifts gears using hydraulic or mechanical mechanisms while the driver selects gear positions, reducing manual clutch operation.

A torsion bar is a steel rod that resists twisting and serves as a spring in tank suspensions, with one end fixed to the hull and the other connected to a lever arm moving the road wheel.

Armour made by welding and rolling homogeneous steel plates.